Understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has often focused on behavior, such as difficulty concentrating or impulsive actions. Yet, how the brain handles basic visual information over very short moments in time is still not fully clear. Scientists have long suggested that brain activity rises and falls in repeating patterns, often called rhythms, shaping how people see and react to the world. New findings now show that these timing patterns differ in adults with ADHD, offering a clearer picture of how perception itself may be affected.
Researchers Dr. Pénélope Pelland-Goulet, Professor Martin Arguin, Dr. Hélène Brisebois, and Dr. Nathalie Gosselin from Université de Montréal, together with collaborators at Centre Alpha-Neuro and Collège Montmorency, explored how visual perception changes from moment to moment in adults with and without ADHD. Their study, published in the journal PLOS One, presents a method that tracks how effectively the brain processes visual signals across tiny slices of time using a technique called random temporal sampling, a method where visual information is presented in rapidly changing fragments to study timing .
Participants in the study were asked to read short words that appeared briefly on a screen while visual “static,” meaning random visual noise similar to a fuzzy television signal, changed rapidly during each presentation. This setup helped researchers determine exactly when the brain was better or worse at recognizing what it saw. While both groups performed similarly overall, closer inspection revealed clear differences in how their visual processing changed over time. By applying a computer-based classification system, a type of artificial intelligence that sorts patterns, the team was able to correctly identify individuals with ADHD in more than nine out of ten cases using only these timing patterns.
Notably, the results show that visual perception is not continuous but instead rises and falls in quick cycles, short repeating bursts of activity, and these cycles differ in people with ADHD. Professor Arguin noted, “These temporal features were sufficiently different across groups while at the same time sufficiently congruent across participants of the same group that a machine learning algorithm classified participants in their respective groups with a very high accuracy using only a small portion of the available features.” These differences were especially noticeable in slower rhythm patterns, which seem to play an important role in how the brain handles incoming visual information.
Further observations revealed that medication also leaves a clear mark on these visual timing patterns. Individuals who regularly used stimulant medication, drugs that increase activity in certain parts of the brain, showed different processing rhythms compared to those who did not. Professor Arguin said “Secondary findings showed that individuals with ADHD could be classified with very high accuracy regarding their use of psychostimulant medication.” Such results suggest that treatment may influence not only outward symptoms but also the internal timing of how the brain processes what it sees.
Taken together, Professor Arguin and his team’s findings show that ADHD is linked to consistent and measurable differences in how visual information is handled over time. These shared patterns within each group point to deeper brain processes that may act as reliable indicators of the condition. Looking ahead, this approach could support new ways to assist diagnosis and track treatment effects, all by examining the subtle timing of perception in everyday visual tasks.
Journal Reference
Pelland-Goulet P., Arguin M., Brisebois H., Gosselin N. “Visual processing oscillates differently through time for adults with ADHD.” PLOS One, 2025; 20(9): e0310605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310605
About the Authors
Pénélope Pelland-Goulet completed her PhD at Université de Montréal with Profs. Gosselin and Arguin, and Dre Brisebois, where she worked on cognition and cerebral activity in college students with ADHD. She is now a postdoctoral researcher at Université du Québec en Outaouais, where she works on the temporal dynamics of facial expression and recognition with Profs. Caroline Blais, Daniel Fiset, and Annie Bérubé.
Martin Arguin is Professor at the Département de psychologie of the Université de Montréal since 1993. His publications largely pertain to psychophysical and neuroscience investigations of high-level visual function (visual recognition and attention) in normal adults and in special populations with varied neurological disorders. He is member of the Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l’apprentissage of the Université de Montréal and Lab director at the Centre de Recherche of the Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal.
Dr. Brisebois is a neuropsychologist and researcher in chronic pain at the Hôpital Juif de Réadaptation in Laval, Canada. Prior to this she was teaching in the Department of psychology of Collège Montmorency, where she specialized in neuropsychology and the application of neurofeedback. She also founded there the Centre Alpha-Neuro, a clinical and applied neuropsychology clinic whose primary focus is the development of research programs on neuropsychological assessment and the treatment of ADHD, anxiety, and concussions. Earlier in her career, she worked as a psychologist with a diverse clientele.
Dr. Nathalie Gosselin is a Full Professor in the Department of Psychology at the Université de Montréal and a researcher at the International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research (BRAMS) and the Centre for Research on Brain, Language, and Music (CRBLM). Her research examines the effects of music on cognition, particularly attention, executive functions, and memory, across the lifespan. She investigates these cognitive processes in both clinical populations (e.g., ADHD) and healthy individuals. Her work also focuses on the development and evaluation of music-based interventions aimed at promoting mental and cognitive health in older adults. Her research has been supported by major funding agencies, including the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), and the Fonds de recherche du Québec – Santé (FRQS) and Société et culture (FRQSC). Dr. Gosselin is also a clinical neuropsychologist. Her expertise in neuropsychological assessment encompasses a wide range of conditions across development (e.g., ADHD, dyslexia, intellectual disability, giftedness, and traumatic brain injury).
